THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES : a / an
Use 'A' before a word which begins with a consonant sound.
| a man | a movie | a school | a city |
Use 'AN' before a word which begins with a vowel sound
| an umbrella | an American | an ice-cream |
NB: Note that the pronunciation is what matters when choosing between a & an .
Examples:
□ an h onor / an hour ( h is silent)
□ a u niversity / a u nit ( a before the 'y' sound)
| We use the indefinite articles a / an |
| 1. to refer to something or someone for the first time in a conversation: |
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with : A or An
1. Ronaldo is ……. famous football player.
2. Jessica is………. hardworking student.
3. Is Dr. Phil …………. smart man?
4. A tiger is …………. animal.
5. Is that …………. old book?
6. Is tea …………. beneficial drink?
7. Mustang is …………. American brand.
8. This is …………. eraser.
9. N.Y Times is…. popular news company.
10. Derek is …………. fisherman.
11. It's…………. honor to meet you.
12. Angelina Jolie is …………. actress.
13. This is ……. educational website.
14. Bart Simpson is …………. child.
15. Superman is …………. hero.
FAMILY RELATIONS
| MALE | Child / Children / Cousin | FEMALE |
| Grandfather | Family Members = Relatives | Grandmother |
| Father | Mother | |
| Husband | Wife | |
| Son | Daughter | |
| Brother | Sister | |
| Grandson | Granddaughter | |
| Nephew | Niece | |
| Uncle | Aunt | |
| Father Son - in - law Brother | Mother Daughter - in - law Sister | |
| father Step son brother
| mother Step daughter sister |
FAMILY TREE
Ali Aicha
Omar Nadia
Malika Youssef Rkia
Zaid Bassou Said Nora
1. Ali is Aisha’s husband.
2. Nadia is Omar’s wife .
3. Omar is Malika and Youssef’s brother .
4. Malika is Omar and Youssef’s sister .
5. Zaid is Omar’s son.
6. Nora is Rkia’s daughter .
7. Malika is Bassou’s aunt.
8. Omar is Said’s uncle .
9. Nora is Zaid and Bassou's cousin .
10. Rkia is Omar’s sister-in-law
11. Zaid is Malika’s nephew .
12. Bassou is Ali and Aicha’s grandson.
13. Nora is Ali and Aicha’s granddaughter .
14. Youssef is Nadia’s brother-in-law .
15. Ali and Aicha are Zaid, Bassou, Said and Nora’s grandparents.
16. Aicha is Said’s grandmother .
17. Ali is Said’s grandfather .
18. Zaid and Bassou are Omar and Nadia’s children .
19. Ali is Nadia and Rkia’s father-in-law .
20. Aicha is Nadia and Rkia’s mother-in-law .
RELATIVES AND EXTENDED FAMILY EXERCISE
1. When you have children, you are a ……………….
2. If you are a male parent, you are a …………….
3. If you are female parent, you are a ………………...
4. If one of your children is a boy, he is your ……………….
5. If one of your children is a girl, she is your …………………………..
6. When a couple gets married, the man is the ………., and the woman is his…
7. A …………….………. and ………………… both have the same parents.
1. grandparents: the parents of your parents
2. grandfather: the ……………… of your father/mother
3. …………… : the mother of your father/mother
4. …………….. : the children of your children
5. grandson: the ………. of one of your children
6. ……………… : the daughter of one of your children
7. ……………………: the father of your grandfather/grandmother
8. great grandmother: the mother of your grandfather/grandmother
9. ……………........ : the brother (or brother-in-law) of your mother/father
10. aunt: the ………..(or sister-in-law)of your mother/father
11. ………… : the child of your aunt/uncle
12. ……………… : the male child of your brother/sister
13. ……………… : the female child of your brother/sister
1. father-in-law: the ……………………….of your spouse
2. ………………….. : the mother of your spouse
3. ………………….. : the husband of your daughter
4. daughter-in-law: ………………………………..
5. ……………………… : the husband of your sister
6. sister-in-law: …………………………………………..
USEFUL VERBS
· I listen to music for two hours every day.
· The teacher speaks and the students listen , and then repeat .
· He also asks them questions and they answer them.
· You are welcome Fatima. Please, take a chair and sit down .
· Some students stand up to answer questions.
· Our school opens at 7:45 in the morning and closes at 18:00 in the afternoon .
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
What are the subject pronouns in English?
We use these subject pronouns in English
| Subject | Singular or Plural - Who? | Masculine or Feminine |
| I | Singular - first person | Masculine or feminine |
| You | Singular - second person | Masculine or feminine |
| He | Singular - third person | Only masculine |
| She | Singular - third person | Only feminine |
| It | Singular - third person | Object / thing / animal |
| We | Plural - first person | Masculine or feminine |
| You | Plural - second person | Masculine or feminine |
| They | Plural - third person | Masculine or feminine |
When do you use IT?
IT is normally used when we refer to objects, things, animals or ideas (and not normally people).
o The dog is big. It is also hairy. (It = the dog)
o My bed is small but it is comfortable. (It = my bed)
Sometimes when we do not know the sex of a baby (we do not know if it is a boy or girl), then we can use IT .
o Their baby is very small. It only weighs 2 kilos. (It = the baby.)
We use IT we when talk about the time, weather or temperature.
o It is five o'clock (= the time is five o'clock)
o It is cold today. (= the weather is cold today.)
o It is 30º outside right now. (= the temperature is 30º outside right now)
| He | Mr. Ken | She | Mrs. Flintstone | It | The book |
| They | Lily and Marshall | ||||
Examples:
a. Tony and Timothy are basketball players. ===> They are basketball players.
b. Miss White is very clever. ===> She is very clever.
c. Richy is an English teacher. ===> He is an English teacher.
d. Lion is the king of the jungle. ===> It is the king of the jungle.
EXERCISE
Use the appropriate subject pronouns to rewrite the following sentences.
1. Mrs. Chart is very beautiful. She is very beautiful
2. Dr. Phil is a famous person. He is a famous person
3. Fred and Barnie are good friends.
4. Is James good at basketball?
5. Maria plays tennis.
6. Andy and I are cousins.
7. Wendy and Robin are good at math.
8. Mount Everest is very high.
9. Mrs. Rogala has 23 students.
10. Is the TV too loud?
11. How are Jessie and James ?
12. The weather is very hot today.
13. Bruce , Arnold and I are good friends.
14. Are you and Mr. Parker related?
15. The cat looks very friendly.
INTRODUCING YOURSELF AND OTHERS
Greeting someone
The following polite phrases and idioms are used to greet each other in English-speaking cultures:
| PHRASES |
| Hi/ Hello. |
| Good morning/ Good afternoon/ Good evening. |
| Hey/ Hi guys! |
| Good to see you. |
| Nice to meet you. |
| How are you? (AmE)/ How do you do? (BrE) |
Saying goodbye
As you use polite phrases like "Nice to meet you" when you greet someone, you should not forget similar phrases when you say goodbye to someone. There are several possibilities: you can either wait for what your dialogue partner says and then reply the same or choose your own polite goodbye phrase.
| PHRASES |
| It was good to see you! |
| It was great to see you again! |
| It was nice meeting you! |
| Have a good day! |
| Enjoy! / Have fun! (if you talk about sth. that the other person is going to do) |
| Have a safe journey home! |
| Goodbye! |
| Bye! / Bye-bye! |
| See you! |
| See you soon/later/tomorrow/next week/on Monday! |
| Take care! |
The following phrases will help you to introduce yourself.
| INTRODUCING YOURSELF |
| Hello, my name is … |
| Hi, I'm … |
| Hello, (your name). |
| Good afternoon. May I introduce myself? My name is … (formal) |
If you want to introduce an acquaintance, a friend, a relative or a colleague to someone, you may do so by using the following phrases.
| INTRODUCING OTHER PEOPLE TO SOMEONE |
| I'd like you to meet my friend/colleague/brother … |
| This is my friend … |
| May I introduce … to you? (formal) |
| Have you met …? |
| This is … |
| POSSIBLE REPLIES |
| Nice to meet you. |
| Pleased to meet you. |
| Nice to see you. |
| How do you do? (formal) |
Introductions
Introducing Yourself
o Hello, My name is Robert Johnson
Please call me Robert.
I am from Toronto, Canada.
o Hello, I am Mrs. Shizuka.
I’m from Tokyo, Japan.
o Hi! My name is Don Corleone Omar.
o I am from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Please call me Omar.
Introducing Other People
If we want to introduce one of our friends to our colleague or friends. We may use these sentences. Please practice the dialogues below as the example.
Frank: Shelly, have you met my colleague Robert?
Shelly: Pleased to meet you, Robert.
Robert: Nice to meet you too, Rina. (or "Hello, Rina.)
THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF THE VERB "TO BE"
FORM:
Affirmative form
I am your English teacher.
You are Ali.
He is my uncle.
She is my sister.
It is my school bag.
We are Moroccan.
You are my students.
They are hard working.
Negative form
I am not your Arabic teacher.
You are not Brahim.
He is not my father.
She is not my cousin.
It is not my suitcase.
We are not my Algerian.
You are not my children.
Am I your brother?
Are you Ali?
Who is your father?
Where is your sister?
Is this your handbag ?
What nationality are we?
CONTRACTED FORMS
I am =====> I’m
You are =====> You’re
We are =====> We’re
He is =====> He’s
It is =====> It’s
You are =====> You’re
he is =====> She’s
They are =====> They’re
I am not =====> I’m not
It is not =====> It isn’t
You are not =====> You aren’t
We are not =====> We aren’t
He is not =====> He isn’t
You are not =====> You aren’t
She is not =====> She isn’t
They are not =====> They aren’t
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with : am, is, are
1. Tom ……….a carpenter.
2. Terry and Linda ………from Armenia.
3. Jack ……… a famous movie star.
4. ………Derek and Peter police officers?
5. BMW ………an expensive car brand.
6. Alan's friends ………..doctors.
7. We ………….at home.
8. I ……….a diligent student.
9. They …………my friend's cousins.
10. Mr Jackson ……….a pianist.
11. Dan and Ryan …………. engineers.
12. …………they soldiers?
13. His shoes ………….new.
14. …………..you the boss?
15. ………Judy beautiful?
